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Introduction written for students : Leaf stomata are the principal means of gas exchange in vascular plants. Stomata are small pores, typically on the undersides of leaves, that are opened or closed under the control of a pair of banana-shaped cells called guard cells see figure above. When open, stomata allow CO 2 to enter the leaf for synthesis of glucose, and also allow for water, H 2 O, and free oxygen, O 2to escape.
In addition to opening and closing the stomata stomata behaviorplants may exert control over their gas exchange rates by varying stomata density in new leaves when they are produced such as in the spring or summer.
The more stomata per unit area stomata density the more CO 2 can be taken up, and the more water can be released. Thus, higher stomata density can greatly amplify the potential for behavioral control over water loss rate and CO 2 uptake. But why, you might ask, might it van geel 1993 phd thesis adaptive for a plant to control its rates of water loss and CO 2 uptake? One answer can be found in the sun. Generally, plant photosynthetic apparati are only designed to function well over a rather narrow range of temperatures.
When heated, cytochromes, pigments, and membranes critical to phosphorylation and carbon fixation rapidly denature i. To avoid this, an individual plant may open its stomata and evaporate water which will lower the leaf temperature. Thus, van geel 1993 phd thesis, one may hypothesize that leaves in the sun should have higher stomata density than do leaves in the shade - all else being equal. But, on the other hand, if water is not available, such as under drought conditions, excessive evaporation might lead to desiccation and an equally severe disruption of photosynthetic function, van geel 1993 phd thesis.
Thus, one might expect plant leaves exposed to drought conditions to have fewer stomata in sunlit environments. The above discussion illustrates a very important concept in experimental biology - there are often alternative hypotheses to explain variation in nature. In this case, stomata density may increase or decrease in response to environmental variation in sunlight and water availability. Note that since you will not be measuring sunlight or water availability you should use caution in how you word your acceptance or rejection of your hypothesis for your plants.
Study Sites Plant samples for this lab are to be collected from plants on campus within a few minutes walking distance of class. Despite that Widener University is in urban Chester, PA, and that we do this lab in mid-winter, it is not a problem for students to find plants with green leaves for their studies. This includes ornamental evergreen ground cover plants, shrubs, and trees such as grasses and weedy perennial forbs, van geel 1993 phd thesis, hollys, yews, van geel 1993 phd thesis, and conifers.
The activity does not work well on dried plant material, because it is a bit tricky, but not impossible, to obtain the stomata samples see below.
Overview of Data Collection and Analysis Methods. Week 1. Envision an environmental difference that might affect stomata density and formulate an hypothesis about which way you would expect stomata density to vary and WHY. Discuss these in detail with your lab instructor PRIOR to taking any data. Next, van geel 1993 phd thesis, decide on a place anywhere within about 10 minutes walking time where you intend to collect leaf samples in the environmental types of interest, and go and get them.
Bring your leaf samples back to lab and count their stomata densities see Methods for Obtaining Stomata Impressions below. Lastly, submit your co-authored research proposal with your partner. This document should fit on one page and should contain three sections according to the Guidelines for Stomata Research Proposal below. Week 2. Next week, bring all of your data to class, finish counting stomata if you have not already have done soand your instructor will help you with the statistical analyses, and computer graphics generation of your stomata data to test your hypothesis see Van geel 1993 phd thesis for Data Analysis below.
In addition, you should begin to produce your oral and written reports which are due the following week. Week 3. The entire lab period this week will be devoted to a symposium of presentations of your research results to your peers.
Also on this date, your co-authored written report is due see Guidelines for Written Reports below as well as your disk copy of your data see Guidelines for Data Management below. Your individually written critical review of this multiweek lab activity is due the following week see Guidelines for Reflective Reviews of Lab Activities below. Methods for Obtaining Stomata Impressions. Detailed Guidelines Are Available in the Links Below. Tools for Assessment of Student Learning Outcomes: Below is a graphic to illustrate the relationships among the laboratory objectives, activities, and assessment instruments.
Click on this graphic to see the complete system diagram for this lab activity. Below we explain how we have designed these assessment instruments for our classes. Keep in mind that: there must be a clear and unbroken network of links that map the objectives to the activities, to the assessment instruments, and then back to the objectives, and this map as well as all details of how assessment proceeds must be completely revealed to the students beforehand - students will attempt to perform only and exactly those tasks upon which they will be assessed.
Scoring Rubric for Questions for Thought. We ask our students to submit written answers to any 4 of the questions, van geel 1993 phd thesis. Students should use their texts or any other written references to answer these questions - but they must cite the complete and exact source of any text, web, or other outside material that they used, van geel 1993 phd thesis. We strongly recommend that you read out loud to your students your course policy on plagiarism which should be in your syllabusand if you do not have one GET ONE!
Each citation of a research article or book should have: Author s. Title of paper. Volume: Pages. Each citation of an internet resource page should have: Author s if known. Specific Title of the Page. Full “http” address.
Date of Your Download. Our Scoring Rubric for Answers to Questions can be found below. Scoring Rubric for Stomata Research Proposals. As described in the " Guidelines for Stomata Research Proposal " there are three parts to this assignment: Introduction, Methods, and Possible Results.
In addition, students must generate an hypothetical graph of what their results would look like that would show an answer to their hypothesis about stomata variation. Our Scoring Rubrics for Stomata Research Proposals can be found below. Scoring Rubrics for Written Reports. As is described in the “ Guidelines for Written Reports ”, there are seven sections for your reports: Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Literature Cited if anyand an Appendix.
The maximum number of points for each section varies from points with a total of 40 points. Our Scoring Rubrics for Written Reports for each section closely follow these guidelines and can be found below. In our experience, for the students’ first drafts it is more consistent on our part to read and apply the scoring rubrics for all of the students’ Introductions, all Methods, all Results, all Discussions, and then all Abstracts, rather than read each report all the way through and have to re-think out each rubric.
Typically, we have about students in each lab section, and two van geel 1993 phd thesis sections, which translates to papers. After we return the first drafts of our students’ written reports, our students have two weeks to revise and re-submit and many are sent to Widener’s Writing Center for consultation sessions. The scoring rubrics above apply equally to their first drafts and revisions, and students base their revisions on their section scores and our miscellaneous written comments directly on their manuscripts.
We also ask them to turn back in their original submission at the same time as their revision, which although it introduces some bias in our grading of their revision, such bias is offset by our ability to compare their old and new versions and thereby quickly perceive their effort and allocation in their revision.
In addition, van geel 1993 phd thesis, we feel it is not entirely fair to them to “mark them down” for major new problems we discover in their revision that we should have caught in their first draft however, van geel 1993 phd thesis, this policy does not apply to spelling or grammatical errors that should have been caught by better proofreading on their part to begin with.
Scoring Rubric for Oral Presentation. As described in the “ Guidelines for Oral Presentations ", there are van geel 1993 phd thesis sections for your reports: Introduction, Methods, Results and Specific Discussion, van geel 1993 phd thesis General Discussion.
The maximum number of points for each section is 10 points with a total of 40 points. Our Scoring Rubrics for Oral Presentations for each section closely follow these guidelines and can be found below. In addition, during the Stomata Research Symposium, students should be rewarded for participation. This can be problematic if your expectations are not made crystal clear to then beforehand.
Our Scoring Rubrics for Symposium Participation can also be found below. Scoring Rubric for Assessing Data Management. Scoring Rubric for Assessing the Student Reflective Reviews of the Lab Activities. As described in the " Guidelines for Reflective Reviews of Lab Activities ", each student submits an individual review.
Our Scoring Rubrics for Critical Reviews of the Lab follows these guidelines closely and can be found below. Summary Table of Point Totals and Links to Detailed Scoring Rubrics:. In the extremely rare case that group participation is inequitable, or some other group cooperation issues arise, van geel 1993 phd thesis will require individual submissions for the Written Report revision and Data Management.
We has van geel 1993 phd thesis been necessary a couple of times in the last 5 years. Tools for Formative Evaluation of this Experiment: In our " Guidelines for Reflective Reviews of Lab Activities " we describe an activity that collects information from students to evaluate the general design and specific events that occurred during this lab activity.
This is a very useful assignment, and in our experience students enjoy being constructive participants in the design of their curriculum. Many comments are insightful and very helpful in our year-to-year revisions. We use a Scoring Rubric for Reflective Reviews of Lab Activities to grade these on a 20 point scale.
Detailed Description of the Van geel 1993 phd thesis Introduction written for students Materials and Methods written for faculty Questions for Further Thought and Discussion References and Links Tools for Assessment of Student Learning Outcomes Tools for Formative Evaluation of this Experiment.
red maple leaf. stomata viewed at x in nail polish impression from leaf underside © Marc Brodkin, full size image. Grant, Itzick Vatnick, and the Ecological Society of America. Credits and Disclaimers. Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology TIEE is a project of the Education and Human Resources Committee of the Ecological Society of America.
This page was last revised 1 October TIEE - Volume 1 © - Ecological Society of America. red maple leaf van geel 1993 phd thesis viewed at x in nail polish impression from leaf underside © Marc Brodkin, full size image. Rubric for Answers to Questions.
Rubric for Stomata Research Proposals. Scoring Rubric for Oral Presentations. Scoring Rubrics for Written Reports 1st version.
Life as a PhD Student Update - Years 1-1.5
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