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Huey Percy Newton February 17, — August 22, was an African-American revolutionary, most known for co-founding the Black Panther Party BPP with Bobby Seale. Together, Newton and Seale created the party's manifesto, the ten-point program. Under Newton's leadership, the Black Panther Party founded over 60 community support programs [1] renamed survival programs in including food banksmedical clinics, sickle cell anemia tests, huey newton phd dissertation, prison busing for families of inmates, legal advice seminars, clothing banks, housing cooperatives, and their own ambulance service.
The most famous of these programs was the Free Breakfast for Children program which fed thousands of impoverished children daily during the early s. Inhe was involved in a shootout which led to the death of a police officer John Frey and injuries to himself and another police officer. Inhe was convicted of voluntary manslaughter for Frey's death and sentenced to 2 to 15 years in prison. In Maythe conviction was reversed and after two subsequent trials ended in hung juries, the charges were dropped.
Later in life he was also accused of murdering Kathleen Smith and Betty Patteralthough he was never convicted for either deaths. Despite graduating from high school not knowing how to read, he taught himself literacy by reading Plato's Republic and earned a Ph. in social philosophy from the University of California at Santa Cruz 's History of Consciousness program in Newton was known for being an advocate of self-defense and huey newton phd dissertation Palestinian statehoodand for his support of communist -led governments around the world.
Newton also used his position as a leader within the Black Panther Party to welcome women and LGBT people into the party, describing homosexuals as "the most oppressed people" in society. Newton was born in Monroe, Louisianain during World War IIthe youngest child of Armelia Johnson and Walter Newton, a sharecropper and Baptist lay preacher. His parents named him after Huey Longformer Governor of Louisiana. Monroe was located in Louisiana's Ouachita Parishwhich had a history of violence against blacks since Reconstruction.
According to a report by the Equal Justice Institutefrom toa total of 37 black people were documented as lynched in that parish. Most murders had taken place around the turn of the 20th century. As a response to the violence, the Newton family migrated to Oakland, Californiaparticipating in the second wave of the Great Migration of African-Americans out of the South.
They moved often within the San Francisco Bay Area during Huey newton phd dissertation childhood. Despite this, Newton said he never went without food and shelter as a child. As a teenager, he was arrested several times for criminal offenses, including gun possession and vandalism at age In his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicidehe wrote. During those long years in Oakland public schools, I did not have one teacher who taught me anything relevant to my own life or experience. Not one instructor ever awoke in me a desire to learn more or to question or to explore the worlds of literature, science, and history.
All they did was try to rob me of the sense of my own uniqueness and worth, and in the process nearly killed my urge to inquire. Newton graduated from Oakland Technical High School in with a diploma. Plato 's Republic was an influential work in Newton's early adult life; huey newton phd dissertation he told the court during the trial for the killing of officer John Freythat he had learned to read from studying the Republic.
Newton continued his education, studying at San Francisco Law Schooland the University of California at Santa Cruzwhere he earned a bachelor's degree. He was a member of Phi Beta Sigma.
He later continued his studies and inhe completed a PhD in social philosophy at Santa Cruz. As a student of Merritt College in Oakland, Newton became involved in Bay Area politics.
He joined the Afro-American Association AAAbecame a prominent member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity's Beta Tau chapter, and played a role in getting the first African-American history course adopted as part of the college's curriculum. Newton learned about black history from Donald Warden who later would change his name to Khalid Abdullah Tariq Al-Mansourthe leader of the AAA. Later Newton concluded that Warden offered solutions that didn't work. In his autobiography, Newton says of Warden, "The mass media, the oppressors, give him public exposure for only one reason: he will lead the people away from the truth of huey newton phd dissertation situation.
During his time at Merritt College, he met Bobby Sealeand the two co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense BPP in October Based on a casual conversation, Seale became Chairman and Newton became Minister of Defense. The Black Panther Party's beliefs were greatly influenced by Malcolm X. Newton stated: "Therefore, the words on this page cannot convey the effect that Malcolm has had on the Black Panther Party, huey newton phd dissertation, although, as far as I am concerned, the Party is a living testament to his life work.
The party's political goals, including better housing, jobs, and education for African-Americans, huey newton phd dissertation, were documented in their Ten-Point Programa set of guidelines to the Black Panther Party's ideals and ways of operation.
The group believed that violence—or the threat of it—might be needed to bring about social change. They sometimes made news with a show of force, as they did when they entered the California Legislature fully armed in order to protest a gun bill.
Newton adopted what he termed "revolutionary humanism. I needed a more concrete understanding of social conditions, huey newton phd dissertation. References to God or Allah did not satisfy my stubborn thirst for answers. Newton would frequent pool halls, campuses, bars and other locations deep in the black community where people gathered in order to organize and recruit for the Panthers.
While recruiting, Newton sought to educate those around him about the legality of self-defense. One of the reasons, he argued, why black people continued to be persecuted was their lack of knowledge of the social institutions that could be made to work in their favor. In Newton's autobiography Revolutionary Suicide, he writes, "Before I took Criminal Evidence in school, I had no idea what my rights were.
Newton also wrote in his autobiography, "I tried to transform many of the so-called criminal activities going on in the street into something political, although this had to be done gradually. Eventually, the illicit activities of a few members would be superimposed on the social program work performed by the Panthers, and this mischaracterization would lose them some support in both the white and black communities. Newton and the Panthers started a number of social programs in Oakland, including founding the Oakland Community School, which provided high-level education to children from impoverished urban neighborhoods.
Other Panther programs included the Free Breakfast for Children Program and others that offered dances for teenagers and training in martial arts, huey newton phd dissertation.
According to Oakland County Supervisor John George: "Huey could take street-gang types and give them a huey newton phd dissertation consciousness. In the wake of the embezzlement charges, Newton disbanded the Black Panther Party. He was sentenced to six months in jail and 18 months probation. Newton had been convicted of assault with a deadly weapon for repeatedly stabbing another man, huey newton phd dissertation, Odell Lee, with a steak knife in mid He served six months in prison, huey newton phd dissertation.
Just before dawn on October 28, Newton and a friend were pulled over by Oakland Police Department officer John Frey. Realizing who Newton was, huey newton phd dissertation, Frey called for backup. After fellow officer Herbert Heanes arrived, shots were fired, and all three were wounded. Heanes testified that the shooting began huey newton phd dissertation Newton was under arrest, and one witness testified that Newton shot Frey with Frey's own gun as they wrestled.
Black Panther David Hilliard took Newton to Oakland's Kaiser Hospital, where he was admitted with a bullet wound to the abdomen. Newton was soon handcuffed to his bed and arrested for Frey's killing. Newton was convicted in September of voluntary manslaughter for the killing of Frey and was sentenced to 2 to 15 years in prison.
In Maythe California Appellate Court reversed the conviction and ordered a new trial. After two subsequent trials ended in hung juries, the district attorney said he would not pursue a fourth trial, and the Alameda County Superior Court dismissed the charges.
Hugh Pearson, in his book Shadow of the Pantherwrites that Newton, while intoxicated, boasted about having willfully killed Frey. Jones, in the introduction to The Black Panther Party Reconsideredstates that this claim has not been corroborated by others.
Newton was arrested on the day of the shooting on October 28,and pled not guilty to the murder of officer John Frey, huey newton phd dissertation.
The Black Panther Party immediately went to work organizing a coalition to rally behind Newton and champion his release. In December the Peace and Freedom Partya majority white anti-war political organization, joined with the Black Panther Party in support of Newton.
Under the leadership of the Black Panther Party and the Peace and Freedom Party, 5, protesters gathered in Oakland on Newton's birthday, February 17,in support of Newton. They garnered the attention of international news organizations, raising the profile of the party by astounding measures. Prominent Black Panther Kathleen Cleaver claimed the goal of the Free Huey!
Campaign was to elevate Newton as a symbol of everything the Black Panther Party stood for, creating something of huey newton phd dissertation living martyr. Over the two year course of Newton's original trial and two appeals, the coalition continued to offer its support until the charges were overturned and Newton was released on August 5, Inafter his release from prison, Newton received an invitation to visit the People's Republic of China. On learning of Nixon's plan to visit China inNewton decided to visit before him.
Newton made the trip in late September with fellow Panthers, Elaine Brown and Robert Bay, [44] and stayed for 10 days. During the trip, the Chinese arranged for him to meet and have dinner with an ambassador from North Koreaan ambassador from Tanzaniaand delegations from both North Vietnam and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam.
One of these meetings also included Mao Zedong's wife Jiang Qing, huey newton phd dissertation.
Newton described China as "a free and liberated territory with a socialist government. Following Newton's Asian trip, the Black Panther Party began incorporating North Korea's Juche ideals into the party's ideology. On August 6,Kathleen Smith, a year-old Oakland native working as a underage sex worker was shot; [50] she died three months later, huey newton phd dissertation. According to huey newton phd dissertation prosecutor handling the case, [51] Newton shot Smith after a casual exchange on the street during which she referred to him as "Baby", [52] huey newton phd dissertation childhood nickname he hated.
Newton is also alleged to have assaulted his tailor, Preston Callins, after Callins called him "Baby. Newton and his girlfriend later his wife Gwen Fontaine then fled to Havana, Cubawhere they lived until[56] which prevented further prosecution on the two charges.
Elaine Brown took over as chairperson of the Black Panther Party in his absence. In Octoberthree Black Panthers attempted to assassinate Crystal Gray, a key prosecution witness in Newton's upcoming trial who had been huey newton phd dissertation the day of Kathleen Smith's murder. Unbeknownst to the assailants, they attacked the wrong house and the occupant returned fire, huey newton phd dissertation.
During the shootout one of the Panthers, Louis Johnson, was killed, and the other two assailants escaped. In NovemberMalloy was found by park rangers paralyzed from the waist down from bullet wounds to the huey newton phd dissertation in a shallow grave in the desert outside of Las Vegas.
According to Malloy, he and Forbes were ordered by "higher-ups" to be killed to eliminate any eyewitness accounts of the attempted murder of Crystal Gray. Malloy recovered from the assault and told police that fellow Panthers Rollin Reid and Allen Lewis were behind his attempted murder. During Newton's trial for assaulting Preston Callins, Callins changed his testimony several times and eventually told the jury that he did not know who assaulted him. After the assassination attempt on Crystal Gray, she declined to testify against Newton.
After two trials and two deadlocked juries, the prosecution decided not to retry Newton for Smith's murder. In JanuaryJim Jonesleader of the Peoples Temple of the Disciples of Christ commonly shortened to the Peoples Templevisited Huey Newton in Havana, Cuba.
Huey P. Newton - War Against the Panthers: A Study of Repression in America (1980 PhD Dissertation)
, time: 3:06:35Huey P. Newton - Wikipedia
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