Finally, backward research were conducted to review material cited in the complied article set, and forward research completed to provide a review of material citing the research in the previously complied article set. The literature searches initially yielded Sample full-fledged Literature Review for a research paper. This combines the summaries of each of the previous papers reviewed in a coherent way that relates to the topic and empirical methods at hand. PREVIOUS RESEARCH: DIVORCE, FERTILITY, AND LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION Jul 15, · A literature review found that custodial mothers may lose as much as 25%% of their pre-divorce incomes. Recognizing that a divorce can impact a child's academic achievement is the first step in addressing this consequence
Literature review on internet
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Nearly three decades of research evaluating the impact of family structure on the health and well-being of children demonstrates that children living with their married, biological parents consistently have better physical, emotional, and academic well-being.
Pediatricians and society should promote the family structure that has the best chance of producing healthy children. The best scientific literature to date suggests that, with the exception of parents faced with unresolvable marital violence, children fare better when parents work at maintaining the marriage.
Divorce literature review, society should make every effort to support healthy marriages and to discourage married couples from divorcing. The demographics of families are changing, and with that, the philosophical underpinnings of relationships are also changing.
Many young adults feel marriage is old-fashioned and confining, and that open cohabitating relationships provide a healthier option that is more conducive to personal development, divorce literature review.
If divorce literature review relationship does not provide personal happiness, parents often believe that their children will adapt to new family relationships so that divorce or separation will have few long-term, adverse consequences. These beliefs have led to marriage occurring later, women having fewer children and doing so later in life, divorce literature review, single mothers giving birth to many of our children, more parents cohabitating, and fewer children living with their married, biologic parents.
Inthe average age of a woman's first marriage was But bythat changed so that the median age divorce literature review first marriage was Inthe rate of marriage for women was The birth rate for the United States is now so low that it is below replacement rate, and 41 percent of all births in were to unmarried women. Nearly one in five births to women in their thirties was non-marital incompared with one in seven in Children's lives track with these statistics.
In divorce literature review, 84 percent of children lived with their married biologic parents, whereas byonly 60 percent did so. Inonly 29 percent of African-American children lived with their married biologic parents, while 50 percent were living in single-mother homes.
Furthermore, 58 percent of Hispanic children lived with married biologic parents, while 25 percent were living divorce literature review single-mother homes.
Importantly, a recent Harvard study on single-parent families revealed that the most prominent factor preventing many children from upward mobility is living with a single parent Chetty et al. In addition, the number of couples who choose to cohabit rather than marry has increased dramatically, with 4. Census Bureau Half of the unmarried births are to mothers who are in cohabitating relationships, and seven in ten children of cohabitating couples will experience parental separation.
The dissolution rate of cohabitating couples is four times higher than married couples who did not cohabitate before marriage Osborne, Manning, and Stock The Centers for Disease Control stopped gathering complete data on the number of children affected by divorce inand at that time more than one million children were affected Cohen Since then, divorce literature review, the incidence of divorce has continued to climb, and according to the American Community Survey, only The majority of divorces affect younger children since 72 percent of divorces occur during the first 14 years of marriage.
Because a high percentage of divorced adults remarry, and 40 percent of these remarriages also end in divorce, divorce literature review, children may be subjected to multiple divorce literature review realignments Cohen The precipitating causes of divorce have also changed over time.
Prior to no-fault divorce laws, the legal procedures for obtaining a divorce were often difficult and expensive, so that only the most dysfunctional marriages ended in divorce. Children who are removed from the most dysfunctional environments are more likely to do better after the divorce.
However, with the introduction of no-fault divorce laws, it is likely that the child has not experienced severe levels of parental discord, so the divorce has more adverse effects on the child. One study seems to conclude that the majority of more recent divorces were not preceded by an extended period of divorce literature review conflict Amato and Booth as quoted in Amato Divorce and parental separation are damaging to children, families, the economy, and society as a whole, and this paper outlines these adverse effects.
While recognizing that not all children or parents will experience every negative consequence listed below, given the seriousness of these adverse outcomes and the magnitude of the issue, it is important that pediatricians support public policies that promote the health and preservation of the child's biologic family.
When evaluating the scientific research on the effects of divorce on children and parents, it is important to consider all of the factors affecting the outcome, including family dynamics, children's temperaments and ages at the time of divorce, and family socioeconomic status, divorce literature review, as well as any behavioral or academic concerns present prior to divorce. Some adverse effects noted in the literature after divorce are actually diminished when controlled for their presence prior to divorce.
It divorce literature review also important to note that violence in a home is divorce literature review acceptable and can have serious adverse effects on children's behavior, development, academic success, and future health.
Each child and each family are obviously unique, with different strengths and weaknesses, different personalities and temperaments, and varying degrees of social, emotional, and economic resources, as well as differing family situations prior to divorce.
Despite these differences, divorce has divorce literature review shown to diminish a child's future competence in all areas of life, including family relationships, education, emotional well-being, and future earning power. There is much research, however, that offers evidence to the contrary. This research demonstrates that, when a child experiences parental divorce, there are significant losses that must be acknowledged.
Even five years after the divorce literature review, mothers who remain single have only risen to 94 percent of their pre-divorce income, while continuously married couples have increased their income, divorce literature review. Inthe median income of single-mother households was 47 percent that of married-couple households American Academy of Pediatrics Approximately In contrast, only The fraction of children living in single-parent households is the strongest negative correlate of upward income mobility according to one study Chetty et al.
The percentage of married families in a community also contributes to future upward economic mobility of all children in the community Chetty et al. The child may lose emotional security Amato and Afifi Divorced mothers are less able to provide emotional support Miller and Davis A study in found that fewer than half of children living with a divorced mother had seen their fathers at all in more than one year, divorce literature review, and only one in six saw their fathers once a week Popenoeas quoted in Fagan and Churchill6.
Divorced fathers are rated as less caring by their adolescents Dunlop, Burns, and Bermingham Emergency room usage is higher for divorce literature review in all other family divorce literature review over that experienced by children in divorce literature review families Family Structure and Children's Health in the United States Parents who divorce also experience adverse effects on their physical, emotional, and financial well-being, which may also in turn affect their children.
In the Framingham Offspring Study, married men had a 46 percent lower rate of dying from cardiovascular disease than divorce literature review men Goodwin et al. Married women are more likely to be physically safer than divorced or separated women. One study demonstrated that those who were unhappy in their marriage when first surveyed, but remained married, were likely to have an improved relationship and be happier five years later than those who divorced Wallerstein and Blakeslee There are clearly negative long-term consequences of divorce—children, divorce literature review, parents, and society all suffer.
Given these tremendous costs borne by all individuals affected by divorce, as well as the costs to society, it is the responsibility of physicians—especially pediatricians, who care for children in the context of their families—to advocate for public health policies that promote marriage and decrease the likelihood of divorce.
The American College of Pediatricians is a national organization of pediatricians and other healthcare professionals dedicated to the health and well-being of children.
Formed inthe College is committed to fulfilling its mission by producing sound policy, based on the best available research, to assist parents and to influence society in the endeavor of child rearing. Membership is open to qualifying healthcare professionals who share the College's Mission, Vision and Values. org and the office telephone number is Jane Anderson is a Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the University of California, San Francisco, where she practiced for 33 years until her retirement in November, She continues there as a volunteer faculty member.
She has authored numerous articles on general pediatric topics, has presented lectures on adolescent brain development and parenting in both the US and China, and has received teaching awards from medical students and pediatric residents, including the Volunteer Faculty Teaching Award from the pediatric residents at the University of California, San Francisco.
She has been married divorce literature review her husband, Karl, for 39 years, and has four children. She participates annually in short-term medical missions trips with Medical Servants International, divorce literature review, and is on the Board of Directors of the National Physician Center, divorce literature review.
She has been a member of the American College of Pediatricians since and currently serves on its Board. National Center for Biotechnology InformationU, divorce literature review.
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Journal List Linacre Q v. Linacre Q. November, ; 81 4 : — doi: PMCID: PMC Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Copyright © Catholic Medical Association This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Nearly three decades of research evaluating the impact of family structure on the health and well-being of children demonstrates that children living with their married, biological parents consistently have better physical, emotional, and academic well-being.
Keywords: Divorce, Children, Emotional well being, Society. Epidemiology The demographics of families are changing, and with that, the philosophical underpinnings of relationships are also changing, divorce literature review.
Evaluating the Literature When evaluating the scientific research on the effects of divorce on children and parents, it is important to consider all of the factors affecting the outcome, including family dynamics, children's temperaments and ages at the time of divorce, and family socioeconomic status, as well as any behavioral or academic concerns present prior to divorce.
Effects of Divorce on Children Each child and each family are obviously unique, with different strengths and weaknesses, different personalities and temperaments, and varying degrees of social, emotional, and economic resources, as well as differing family situations prior to divorce, divorce literature review.
The child may lose time with each parent 1. Parents must adjust to their own losses as well as to their new role as a divorced parent. Thus, parents may not have as much emotional strength and time to invest in parenting, i. Although laws are gradually changing, most children spend more time with one custodial parent and obviously have less time with each parent overall. For most children, divorce literature review, this means much less time spent with their fathers, divorce literature review.
The child may also spend less time with their mother as she may need to work longer hours to support the family. The child may lose economic security 1. Custodial mothers experience the loss of 25—50 percent of their pre-divorce income. Only 50 percent of custodial mothers have child support agreements, and 25 percent of mothers who have been granted support divorce literature review no payments.
Custodial fathers also experience financial divorce literature review although they tend to recover financially more quickly and rarely receive child support. Loss of income may lead to increased work time for parents, divorce literature review, as well as a change in residence.
Review - Enough of Being Married
, time: 2:20The impact of family structure on the health of children: Effects of divorce
Finally, backward research were conducted to review material cited in the complied article set, and forward research completed to provide a review of material citing the research in the previously complied article set. The literature searches initially yielded Evaluating the Literature. When evaluating the scientific research on the effects of divorce on children and parents, it is important to consider all of the factors affecting the outcome, including family dynamics, children's temperaments and ages at the time of divorce, and family socioeconomic status, as well as any behavioral or academic concerns present prior to divorce divorce the legal termination of a marriage otherwise than by death or the granting of a decree of nullity. The sole ground for divorce in the UK jurisdictions is irretrievable breakdown of the marriage; this may only be evidenced by adultery, desertion, intolerable conduct or separation for the relevant statutory period. Special rules apply in the case of certain marriages
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